Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation in the Eigenvalue Domain

Optical eigenvalue transmission is a promising technique to overcome Kerr nonlinear limits in optical communication systems. The associated with the Schrödinger equation invariant during fiber-based dispersive transmission. However, effect of carrier frequency offset (CFO) induces an shift presence CFO for digitally coherent receivers. estimation method using eigenvalues capable achieving highly accurate estimations and can be applied system has been proposed. detailed analysis eigenvalue-based yet examined. This study examines accuracy limitations through numerical simulations experiments. achieves less than 10 kHz when time window size ${W=6.4}$ ns sampling rate notation="LaTeX">${R_{s}=20}$ GSa/s simulations. Moreover, error proportional energy loss notation="LaTeX">${W}$ notation="LaTeX">${R_{s}}$ are limited. Through experiments, we achieve fine below 1 MHz notation="LaTeX">${W=12.8}$ notation="LaTeX">${R_{s}=5}$ GSa/s, although limited by noise effect.